Thank you.
In the case of the colleges, because of the money we are putting into our licensing of digital resources, when faculty are looking to create course materials, they are looking to our databases, where we have paid a licensing fee. As I noted, we are paying for more and more user licensing within the contracts with individual vendors. If a faculty needs to use a certain resource, the faculty can send the students to a persistent link. They aren't making those physical print copies as much as they are linking to our database. A student has to log in and be using it as an individual user.
Many times they can't use it for a whole class, because we don't have an unlimited user licence. But there are some vendors where we do have unlimited licences that we have paid for. We have paid up front in our contracts for access to the materials for our faculty and our students.
I will just mention that in the case of course packs, for example, many of us have third party printers that have licences with consortiums like Access Copyright. If a faculty wants a course pack put together and printed, they will be working with a third party printer that we do not engage with, and that third party printer has the appropriate consortium licensing arrangements.