At the end of the day, the input into the universities from the government is cash. That cash is used to do fundamental research. I would allow that not all fundamental research should or could be commercialized. It's probably 10%, 15%, or 20%. The money is going in, but the question is how to measure the productivity of those universities and of that spend. Three simple metrics that I would suggest are the number of start-up companies created at each university, the number of licences consummated, and the dollar amount of those licences. That's a simple way of measuring, quantitatively and not qualitatively, across universities. You can normalize that by the number of dollars that go into each university.
