You touched on a number of things.
At the end of the day, it's a large ecosystem. Capturing the knowledge from the university graduates as they leave is really important, and obviously there's a brain drain problem. My view is that industry will always pick the best minds. If it's American companies picking our best minds, we need to have better companies that are able to capture them.
I'll go back to something else you said, which is really about consolidating all the IP created by universities. This is a three-pronged problem. The first one is to create awareness. You have to be aware that the IP exists and you have to be able to distill and evaluate it among all the rest, whether that's a single repository database that you search and say you need something on AI or whether it's a team of people who go around to industry and meet with every company in the country once a year to say, “Look, here's what's relevant to your business.” I'm not sure of the answer, but awareness is a big one.
Second, you need to reduce the friction for getting the IP out in the first place. We've talked about that at length.
The third is measuring the results of that, whether it's the Ph.D.s who stay in the country versus leave or whether it's IP licences granted, and so on, and then use that as a feedback mechanism, all the way back to the beginning.
My broader point is that historically, universities have been the bastion of knowledge. They've been the keepers of technology, innovation, and knowledge. That's no longer the case. Universities used to live in an ivory tower where they'd say they needed tenured professors who can research and create IP without fear of any retribution or any undue influence from industry. That's an antiquated notion. If our universities are going to compete with universities globally, they need to be better aligned and more closely affiliated with industry players, because industry is going faster than universities in a lot of cases. My thrust here is really to try to create connections between industry and university and break down the barriers, whatever they might be.