The portfolio approach adopted by Canada, which aimed basically to de-risk in case of all these unknowns, ended up being very similar to those of these countries, in the sense that we bet on different technologies, and we saw that. Nobody could predict that mRNA would work. I was the first to be skeptical of it, although I did my Ph.D. in RNA synthesis. Thanks to the nanoparticles, however, and all these developments coming together, it's been just incredible.
We didn't know whether we would be able to have vaccines for SARS-CoV-2 at all, whether adenovirus would work, whether protein subunits would work, which companies were going to be successful. Companies well established in vaccines, like Merck, have actually not been the first out the door, and small, innovative companies and others beat them to the home run.