Let's use copper as an easy mineral example.
The world's demand for copper under the clean energy plans will go up several hundred percent. The world's current mining capacity and plans for mines are declining over the next two decades. Nobody is planning to expand capacity or spend the money on it yet. Electrification needs more copper. You have something like 400% more copper per car if it's electrically powered versus an internal combustion engine. These have really important implications.
I think the main point I would make is the failure on two counts: sensible integration of physical resource policies and in refining and processing.
On the role of plastics, I want to reinforce that my colleague from Husky is absolutely right. This vilification of plastic is silly. It's hype. It's how you get to the goals, with lightweighting things.
As well, there is a failure to understand the time frames. This is a long process. I hesitate to use the word “silly”, but I will: these silly goals of 10 and 15 years. Energy transitions of the kind we're talking about do not happen, and have never happened, at that velocity globally. They in fact won't happen. I just have to say, in all candour, it's just not possible.
We just have to be more realistic and more sensible, and frankly, we're doing neither.