Absolutely. I would say that, looking at my 20 years of being back in Canada, and looking at the students who are coming from the outside to Canada, things have been incredibly impressive. Interestingly—and maybe this is only one point of data among many—very few people from the United States would apply to do a Ph.D. at Waterloo in quantum information in 2002-03. Now, we're seeing a much larger number of 10% to 20% in some years.
We have definitely made a lot of progress, and I think that relates to the strength of quantum computing and the reputation that we built during that time.
To keep them around, I think my colleagues in the industry might want to put a little more worth on this. At the university, they come and they do a master's degree, a Ph.D. and sometimes a post-doctoral study, and then they have to move on. We don't keep them after that, and it's good for them to go and move [Technical difficulty—Editor] one location to the other.
In the start-up scene, certainly around Waterloo, I've seen many of the students worry about returning. I do not remember the number of years you have to be in Canada as a student to become a permanent resident, but I've seen many of them try to do this. This process is often cumbersome and hard, and maybe there are better ways to make it more fluid, so that colleagues in industry can hire these students more easily and get a better talent pool to develop quantum technology.