I'm happy to respond to that. Thank you very much for the question.
The high credit card fees and the challenge those pose to merchants, particularly small and medium-sized enterprises, are something the bureau has very much been live to for a quite a number of years now. Our focus under the act is looking at allegations of anti-competitive conduct that are driving those higher fees. We don't have anything under the act that prohibits the high prices or fees from being high. It's really looking at whether conduct prohibited by the act is driving that.
The Competition Bureau did bring a case forward to the Competition Tribunal some years back, alleging that conduct by Visa and Mastercard was responsible for inflating those fees. We ultimately lost. The tribunal found that the statutory tests were not made out in that application. They actually went further and said that this sounds, perhaps, more suited to a regulatory fix. On that front the Competition Bureau is actively engaged with others in government to lend advice on how policy options around this could benefit from a pro-competitive lens.