I think that what's required is a collaboration between industries, research centres and universities.
Industries have very different goals from research centres. Research centres offer their assistance, whereas industries contribute their problems. When industries have a problem, it's more likely that research will more quickly and more directly get to work on developing the final product, process or procedure.
Universities play a different role. They contribute a lot of knowledge and train new students and new researchers who will eventually work in the research centres and in industry to move things to the next phase.
In short, investment is very important, because traditional industry doesn't invest in new and completely different methods. They invest in improving existing methods by 5 to 10%, whereas research and development centres like ours try to completely change things. That's the advantage.
What we are trying to do is completely change the way residues are processed and perceived, how metals and recycling residues are processed, and how the reagents and acids needed to produce metals are used without generating the problems of the past 50 years. There was processing, but the residues still contained acids. That's something we no longer want.
It's 2023 now. The approach to metals extraction is different.