There is the cost-benefit calculus to human rights violations. Human rights abuses are an instrument by which the regime holds on to power, and an aspect of that power is military force and violence. Another aspect is the economic power and privileges of the inner circle. The question is, how can we ensure that abuses exact a cost?
The universal periodic review, I would say, is a sort of softer, less intrusive means of persuading Iran to improve its human rights record, but targeted sanctions exact a far higher cost. I think the regime would be much more responsive if it understood, in regard to very specific categories of violations, that they will pay a price, and that the price will be very direct and tangible.
Just by way of example, Ms. Khalid spoke about women's rights in Iran. Iran probably has the most vibrant feminist movement in the Middle East. Most of our human rights heroes are women such as Shirin Ebadi, Narges Mohammadi, who is in prison, and Nasrin Sotoudeh. The issue is not that people need to be educated in Iran, but that women need to be empowered, and they need to know that, when they are put in prison because they protested against compulsory hijabs or whatever the case may be, this issue will exact a cost in Iran's pursuit of its diplomatic and economic interests. I would go back to what my friend Mark has said about targeted sanctions.