The largest population of Uighurs in diaspora are in Kazakhstan and in Turkey. Then there are significant populations in Germany and in the United States, mostly centred around Washington, D.C. The population in Kazakhstan, which is actually the largest population, is very tightly controlled by the Kazakh state, because Kazakhstan has a very close economic and political relationship with China. The Uighurs who live there are quite afraid that if they speak up too loudly, they could be deported or silenced in some way. They could be sent back to China, even if they have lived in and became legal residents of Kazakhstan.
In Turkey, there is some support from Erdogan and the Erdogan administration for Uighurs. In the past, there was more support. I feel that Uighurs are now being silenced to a greater extent, which, I think, has to do with Turkish politics more generally. Erdogan has been trying to manage the situation for the last couple of years. Some Uighurs are part of his movement, the Gülen Movement, which I think makes Erdogan see them less as an ally, perhaps. Also, he is very interested in maintaining economic relationships with China.
I think Germany and the U.S. have been willing to take stronger stands to some extent. Germany is now refusing to extradite Uighurs back to China, and the World Uighur Congress is based in Munich there, so we see them working quite vociferously to elevate what's happening to the Uighurs back in China.
In the U.S., there is some response and some help, but it's also still limited.