Sexual violence is massive and rampant. At a national level they can do more. I think ultimately we have to go outside the national system, but the civilian courts and especially the military courts can do more. There is to some extent an existing military justice system—we've viewed the records—but it's not being applied nearly robustly enough.
Part of it is improved enforcement at the national and local levels, and—not to repeat myself—getting this hybrid court in place is the single best thing we can do concerning sexual violence and all of the other apparent war crimes and violence taking place. That is number one.
It is a real issue in the military, from a top-down perspective. The military has not trained these soldiers; they are largely undisciplined and not trained in the law of armed conflict or, as I said earlier, on the distinction between combatants and combatants. You have, then, to start at the top and go all the way down to impress upon these people how warfare, as tragic as war is, has to be conducted. That is not by raping and killing civilians.
In terms of UN access to various parts of the country, this is an ongoing, serious problem. It's one of those things that are easy to “Monday-morning quarterback” when you're not the one out in the field. Unfortunately, many of us would I think say that some of the UN elements, international elements, are not robust enough.
Sometimes they are stopped by government roadblocks 500 metres from their camps and simply told that they are not allowed to go further. Many monitoring efforts—getting into Pajok.... They've been trying to get into Pajok for the last few days and have been turned away twice. I don't know how you get more robust about doing it, but at some point I guess you have to say you're going in, that you have 13,000 peacekeepers on the ground and that you are going to go into that area. It's a continuing problem.
It's not unique, I have to say, to South Sudan; it challenges peacekeeping forces in other parts of the world as well, when you have a government that is not co-operating.
In terms of the AU and the co-operation it is receiving or not receiving from the South Sudan government, again there has to be sustained political pressure on both the South Sudan government and on the African Union to make that co-operation happen.