The primary basis for those concerns relates to the award of monetary damages against countries when decisions are taken by a legislature, by a government, by a court, that affect detrimentally the foreign investor and are found by the arbitrators to have breached some broad standard of investor protection.
This is becoming more and more serious as we see countries facing awards into the billions of dollars. They are backward looking awards: you have no opportunity to fix the problem before you face that kind of fiscal liability. From the point of view of taxpayers, fiscal responsibility, and the auditing of how Canada's legal obligations create very significant fiscal risks, potentially, for the country, that to me is the primary concern that we should be examining when Canada is signing up to investor-state arbitration, when we're on the wrong end of the stick so to speak because there is a lot of foreign-owned investment from the relevant country in our economy.