I'll say that in terms of patent linkages, the area that I have least familiarity with, it being a provincial body, it's less of our focus to understand the implications of international trade. However, what I do understand is that given the fact that the European Commission does not use patent linkages and CETA does not require it to do so, these provisions only apply to Canada.
In fact, the European Commission prohibits the EU member countries from introducing patent linkage provisions, because they delay the entry of generic drugs. In the past, Italy in 2012 was reprimanded for trying to do so. It is ironic that under CETA , rather than Canada eliminating its patent linkage system, it will be forced to strengthen it by providing a right of appeal that will create further delays to the entry of generics. What that looks like, on average, is about six to twelve months as a further delay before generics appear. This is simply because of the time it takes the appeal to go through the court system.