It's fair to say, as I mentioned in my statement, first of all, the approach of Canada and the U.S. on trade does require some type of enforceability—for example, for the environment chapter and other chapters. That said, enforceability does not mean that the clauses that countries agree to respect are ambitious enough to ensure that trade between two or three partners continues to negatively impact climate change.
Let me just give you a couple of examples of things that are not in CUSMA, and while this deal in some ways brings some key, important elements of progress, it does not allow for greater climate protection.
First, there are no binding climate standards within the text. Key Democratic leaders, such as the head of the Senate for the Democrats, voted against this deal. He said it did not address or mention the climate crisis.
The current NAFTA 2.0, far from including any climate standards, fails to even mention climate change. It is a glaring omission, with in fact NAFTA's incentive for corporations to dodge the hard-fought clean energy policies of the U.S. by moving to Mexico, for example, and eliminating jobs and perpetrating climate pollution.
You mentioned marine protection, and that is great. As I said in my statement, the three countries that are partners for the CUSMA actually address subsidies for fisheries, but there is no mention, for example, of how fossil fuel subsidies are going to be tackled by countries and reduced in order to encourage, and actually stop distortion in, the markets on renewables.
On clean air, water and land standards, the deal barely mentions pollution and it fails to include specific and binding terms to actually address documented dumping of pollutants.
For example, the text recognizes that air pollution is a serious threat to public health, and in that sense, you and I agree. However, it fails to include a single binding rule to reduce the air pollution that NAFTA has exacerbated.
From the 2018 version of the text to the 2019 revision, this revision actually repeats these failures and omits essential limits on air, water or land pollution. These are just some examples for you.