First of all, Ms. Bendayan, your reputation before you took the political turn is well known, and your involvement in these cases by those of us in the field is well appreciated.
I would make just one comment about withdrawal from current ISDS provisions. Our first investor-state treaty was with Russia. I would ask, at some point, Mr. Van Harten to answer this question: Is it in Canadian interests to withdraw from that treaty with Russia?
Your point, Ms. Bendayan, is whether we should approach it on a case-by-case basis. I think that is a viable approach. We are eliminating investor-state disputes with the U.S. They are eliminated, for all practical purposes, with the Europeans. Where are the Canadian interests affected? If we're not going to be subject to investor-state arbitration from American investors, and the same for European investors, where are the Canadian interests that are somehow in jeopardy?
My point is that the withdrawal from existing foreign investment protection treaties is fraught with difficulties. It is possible in future cases, to come to your point, to be selective and to decide where we need some ISDS provisions, with the guarantees that have been built into the CETA provisions where you have an appellate process and a standing arbitration court. That, to me, improves the system remarkably, and that could be part of a policy going forward for any new treaties that Canada is seeking to negotiate.