Let me start with your last question on the science and technology and on the investment in research and development by the industry.
I won't be able to answer your question directly on how much is directed at the social cost, because the costs are blended. The industry is spending money now, as Dan indicated, to reduce the temperature of the water they use, which reduces the amount of fuel they need, which reduces the amount of carbon dioxide that is emitted from that. Syncrude used to use 80-degree temperature water. They now use 40-degree water. They're trying to get it down to room temperature so that they don't need much heat. If they can do that, there's a social benefit built into that, as well as an economic benefit, so the $720 million the industry is spending on research and development has a blend of all of those. There's more than one reason for it, so it's very hard to separate things and say this is for that and that's only just for the social. It's for the benefit of both, and that's why they're doing it.
According to a recent study that came out just a couple of weeks ago, $720 million is how much the oil and gas and energy industry spends per year. But it is also working on environmental technology. It is working on other technologies as well to try to improve the cost while reducing the environmental footprint associated with it. Both of those go hand in hand, moving forward.