Upgraders are required in part to transport the production to the Canadian refineries.
On the issue of whether foreign capital is needed to develop our petroleum resources, I don't think it is. Foreign capital can be thought of in a real sense or in a financial sense.
In a real sense, it would be involving the foreign company bringing actual equipment or proprietary technology of some sort to the operation that would enhance our capacity as a country to produce the product in question. In our case, in fact, Canada has the technological advantage. One of the reasons CNOOC wanted to purchase Nexen was indeed for its proprietary technology.
In the sense of acquiring actual money, if you like, purchasing power or credit, in order to finance the undertaking, we've heard over and over again that Canada's financial system, our banking system, is very strong, and would indeed be capable of supplying the overall industry, to the extent that we wanted to expand its production, with the capital that was required.
Relying on foreign investment to develop staples, export-oriented projects, includes a number of downsides, if you like, including obviously the foreign control over the direct decisions that are being made and the extraction of dividends and profits on that capital and being repatriated to foreign owners. In fact the net outflow of interest and dividends is one of the reasons Canada has a very serious current account deficit today.
Once we decide how much of that resource we want to develop, and how fast, I don't.... I haven't seen a case where we are dependent on foreign companies in order to do it.