If I knew the answer to that, I'd be a much wealthier man than I am, and I wouldn't be a professor.
There are certainly some technologies on the horizon. I'm talking more about production than consumption, because they're obviously completely different technologies. The demand for this stuff is largely driven by transportation, and there's a whole basket of technologies there.
Let me focus on just the production side. The big challenge, really, for oil sands is that they have to generate a lot of energy for the steam and heat that separates the oil from the dirt. They have to find a technology that doesn't require them to use such massive amounts of energy and heat to do that separation. There are some that are in demonstration phases now. They're probably at least five to ten years away from being viable. There are two or three. I don't know which one will win yet. They don't even know which one will win yet.
I would echo what Professor Moore said. Government is probably not the right place to pick what the right technology is, nor is a professor, unless it's a professor of advanced engineering, which I'm not. What you should do is create the conditions that will accelerate getting to that answer and will motivate them to get to that answer faster than our competitors.
We are now competing for environmental performance in a way we never have before. We used to compete on labour costs and other costs. We're now competing on environmental performance. Just like we want to motivate labour productivity and innovation, we want to motivate environmental innovation and productivity. The ways to do that, believe it or not, are actually to have stringent standards but predictable ones.
Professor Moore hit on a really important point. If investors and companies know 10 to 15 years out where the bar is that they are going to have to hit, and it's predictable, the investments they make today will reflect the expectation of having to meet an increasingly stringent environmental standard. Creating an expectation of increasingly stringent, efficient regulation will do a lot of the driving of the right choices. I don't know the answer today, necessarily.