Thank you all for being here before us today. It's been very interesting.
I'm going to start with Dr. Newman and try to take advantage of some of his obvious legal expertise on this big subject.
Some of the testimony we've heard—and not just here in this committee, but across the country—about indigenous engagement and consultation is that it's not rocket science. We know how it should be done. It involves, as Mr. Hehr said, early engagement and developing respectful relationships. If we are consulting with indigenous communities and governments, we should not just write down what their concerns are, but try to make meaningful attempts to address those concerns.
Obviously, there are some situations that are more complex than others, especially when we've heard today some examples—and perhaps you might have mentioned it—of where some indigenous communities have one viewpoint on a project and others that are equally as affected have another.
One example that comes to mind is an international situation. You have the Arctic National Wildlife Refuge in Alaska. The Inupiat people who live in Alaska are in favour of drilling there, but the Gwich'in of northern Yukon, who subsist on the caribou that calve in Alaska, are against it.
Could you make some comments on those complex issues and how they can be addressed legally?