Thank you very much for the question.
I'm going to answer in English.
You're right, 150 million degrees is a tremendous challenge, and no material can maintain or withstand those temperatures. What fusion systems have done for a long time is take advantage of magnetic fields. At those temperatures, every material becomes a plasma, as an ionized gas that can be manipulated with magnetic fields, and so magnetic fields can be used to hold that hot gas, that plasma, away from solid walls, or in our case liquid walls, and in that way contain this super-heated gas without it damaging the materials and the structure around it.
People have done this for a long time. In fact, fusion, I think, doesn't get enough credit for the progress it has made. If you were to look back a few decades, you would see the advancements in fusion, comparing the 1970s to today, have come along by about a factor of 10,000 in terms of energy produced. We're within a factor of two now of producing net positive energy for the grid, so this is why you're seeing this advance of private sector companies into the field.
On your question about the funding required, it really depends on the technology that you're talking about. All of the private companies, including General Fusion, are proposing ways that are much less expensive, that lend themselves toward something that can be a more practical power plant.
The $100 million we have secured to date has meant major advances in our technology, and we're looking at moving ahead toward the creation of a larger full-scale fusion system that again will be in the range of a $100-million sort of investment. We expect that we will secure most of that funding from the private sector.
Elsewhere in Canada, on the research and development proposal that we're looking to renew our capacity, we're starting small. We want to see something grow to the level of perhaps $20 million a year, to put the faculty positions back in place in Canadian universities so that we can graduate the talent we need to participate in this sector.
Those are the sorts of investments we're talking about.