Sure. I'll just add a few points.
I'm sure everyone is aware of the COSIA story, but there are a few points that I want to emphasize. I want to remind everyone yet again about the effort we've put through the XPRIZE at COSIA, looking for commercial installations for getting some value out of a carbon stream. Those things are live. It's the largest XPRIZE ever set up globally since the beginning of the XPRIZE.
In 2016, just to give you a highlight, 119 projects were completed through the COSIA umbrella on innovation outputs to the tune of $219 million, which I mentioned before. Currently, 76 additional projects were initiated in 2016.
I just want to give you the impression that there's a massive amount of energy that goes into setting up the innovation. I certainly don't want to miss the opportunity, though, to talk about our non-oil sands side of the sector. Again, I mentioned that this is just the upstream, what we call the Petroleum Technology Alliance of Canada, all the members participate in that. Those are the investments that go into non-oil sands operations, whether it's methane reduction technologies or any kind of operational requirements on that side of the business.
I want to point out that the number one oil and gas company investing in research and development in 2015, which is the only number I have, ranked in the top 100, fifth in Canada. Canadian Natural Resources Limited in 2015 spent $527 million on research and development in all its operations. There's a company that's balanced between oil sands and non-oil sands in 2015.
That's a picture of some of the things that are going on there.
I want to point out as well the linkages I talked about. Sitting here and meeting Thomas for the first time, it reminded me that years ago when I worked in British Columbia as the provincial regulator for oil and gas, I was with the first crown corporation in British Columbia to build two LEED platinum buildings under the auspices of his organization. So there are connections all the way through the system.