I didn't hear Professor Jaccard's presentation, so I can't comment on the specific studies.
Some of the issue depends on where you get the fuels. If they're imported from the United States, they're being produced with the American electricity system, which is much more carbon intensive than the Ontario electricity system. Another issue is the scale. It's possible to do things on a small, experimental scale with very favourable parameters, but if you then need to scale it up to an economy level operation, then you do need to pay attention very carefully to those studies, because they're going to be indications of what lies ahead.
I think that Professor Jaccard tends to be very optimistic about technological change in the way that he models it, that it's induced by policy changes. That's a controversial idea in economics, that policy-makers can induce favourable technological changes. It doesn't always work out, but I would say that there's always a chance. There's always a chance that we're on the cusp of very favourable changes in technology. If we are, the carbon tax alone will get it. You don't need to add to the carbon tax mandates to force industries to change what they're doing. The carbon tax puts a price on the emissions that will cause—