I think in the history of first nations in Canada there is a great deal of concern about what child welfare policies have done in the past. The most striking example would be residential schools, children being forcibly separated from their families and communities and brought to residential school settings. There have also been examples of what they called the “sixties scoop”, of well-meaning child welfare agencies removing children from what they saw as harm by bringing them out of communities and into a non-aboriginal context.
There's been a lot of work done by provincial child welfare ministries, first nations, and the agencies to try to provide for the protection of vulnerable children who may be in harm's way in the community--wherever possible--and to use the extended family structure, which they call kinship care, to provide either prevention or protection services for those children. There have been successes in those. It's an incredibly difficult area, and you're dealing with vulnerable children, but there have been some real successes with that approach. And again, it involves the provincial child welfare authorities and the first nations-run agencies working closely together.