The first point I would make, as somebody who's done a lot of federal-provincial programming over his career, is that overlap and duplication between federal and provincial programs are not a bug of federalism. It's actually a design feature. When you have two jurisdictions spanning those areas and they are continually adapting their programs, the risk of overlap is always going to be there.
We have mechanisms at the multilateral level with all of the provinces and territories, and at the bilateral level, to try to continually deconflict so that we can always make those programs align in a way that doesn't overlap, but this isn't going to be a situation of doing a study once and then everyone locks their programs in place and it doesn't move. They continually adapt, and we have to do that.
As an example, programs are increasingly introducing innovation elements to their programming and piloting different things at a community level. For that, you can't just deconflict at the program level; you have to look at the community A program officer in Nova Scotia might be trying something different, but it is similar to something we're doing. We have to get those officers on the ground talking to each other.
I just want to highlight that we do have a process to do this, but it's going to have to be an ongoing process. When the Auditor General pointed out that we said in our 2016 risk profile that one of the risks was overlap and duplication, that will always be a risk in federal-provincial programming.