Let's take the intensive supervision and surveillance package that has been available for a decade now for young offenders. The surveillance and support is taken fairly literally, because the support consists of educational programs, or work training, and offender management program that address the young person's anger, their impulsivity, their attitudes towards victims, and their attitudes towards offending generally. There may be individual mentoring as well in that program. Those would be the supportive measures.
The surveillance measure is obviously electronic monitoring, but there is also an element of intelligence-led policing with these young people as well. Because they are known to be high risk—perhaps they're involved in drug dealing—the police will also keep an informal eye on them. Periodically, in the course of these sentences, the police and the social workers, and the police and the probation officers, will meet together to discuss this particular young person's progress. The intensity of the program means that the young person is subject to a high degree of practical activities during the day and electronic monitoring at night.
In fact, when we had the satellite tracking pilot in England and Wales in 2004, satellite tracking was used as part of the electronic monitoring. We didn't just use electronic monitoring to keep them in their homes overnight; we also gave them exclusion zones and forbade them from going into certain areas, such as an area where they had done a lot of burglaries, an area where they'd been known to be involved in fighting, or an area where they were known to be involved in drug dealing. One of the things you can do with GPS is create exclusion zones, which you can't do with conventional radio frequency technology, which pinpoints people's presence in their homes.
I think there was a view that this was too onerous a thing to do to juveniles, and in my opinion that aspect of the pilot in 2004-2006 ever stood a chance of being continued into the mainstream.
We're very comfortable, however, in England and Wales with electronic monitoring as a means of controlling the nighttime movements of young offenders whose daytime activities are controlled by the rest of the program.