Again, I think it's critical that officers are given all the tools. We can't reduce the number of calls they have to go to, obviously, and they have to walk into situations that all of us would probably run from. That's just part of their job.
I think that what's critical for unions is to support evidence-based prevention interventions. They need to make a call for their employees to have this enhanced use-of-force training that is personalized to the officer, so that they can maintain an optimal mental and physical state and can respond in the calmest manner without escalating the situation, if possible, thus reducing the likelihood of getting OSI and PTSD in the first place.
Organizations need to invest in this type of training. There are training dollars, but the problem is that many organizations only train their use-of-force officers to minimal standards, such as for one day a year. Bill Lewinski, a researcher on this topic in the U.S., has said that college athletes actually receive more training in four years than police officers receive for their job in 40 years.