Thank you, Minister.
The answer is that the bill is intended to capture a broad variety of arrangements. It's not required that they be in writing, but the commissioner would still need to show that there is some sort of understanding between a foreign state and an entity in Canada to conduct the influence activities. It was built this way to allow the commissioner the flexibility to enforce the legislation.
To the point about individuals being identified on the registry by virtue of that arrangement, there are recourses within the legislation. For an individual who felt that they should not be listed, there is an opportunity for judicial review of that decision. The safeguards are built into the legislation.
The last point I would make is that the commissioner will have the ability to issue interpretation and guidance. That could inform what they consider an arrangement.