It's a very good question. Thank you for that.
I used to joke sometimes, whenever I gave a presentation on radicalization, and I used to say that radicalization is not a condition that only affects brown people. For a long time the discourse around radicalization was centred on the Muslim community, obviously because of the post-9/11 environment, and then it also accelerated with this ISIS crisis we went through. But as researchers know very well, radicalization is a condition that affects anybody if the conditions are right, if the ingredients are there. I like to make a lot of jokes sometimes with the cupcake theory of radicalization: If the ingredients are there and the temperature is right, you've going to get cupcakes. One thing we need to understand is that this is a human process. This is something that any human being, any group, any nationality, political or otherwise, can go through if the ingredients are there.
Number one is to understand that this is a human psychological process that anybody can go through. Number two, I would say that we need to be equal in the way in which we prosecute individuals. My fellow panellist, Jessica Davis, was talking about applying the laws equally across the board. We have terrorism laws. Why are we only applying them to brown people? We have individuals who are not brown—sorry to be simplistic like that—who are really engaging in serious offences. They should be investigated and prosecuted accordingly. Sometimes, however, you get cases—and these are legal issues that, obviously, I'm not qualified to speak on—where you might have a terrorist incident, but there might not be a terrorist charge. For example, in the London family attack there was a terrorist charge with that. The individual murdered several members of a family during Ramadan last year—and Ramadan is about to start in a few more days. You have other cases, for example the Bissonnette mass murder at the Quebec mosque, where there were no terrorism charges. Of course, there were first-degree murder charges, which are easier to prove and carry a life sentence.
This just shows you—