In terms of the actual impact of disinformation on the population, it's a really difficult question to answer because I don't think anyone has quantified that or fully understood this kind of influence. However, there are indications of the impact of disinformation on Canadians. For example, we saw some kind of violence against the Ukrainian diaspora community in Canada, and this is a clear indication or evidence of the influence of Russian disinformation—or if you want to call it propaganda—on certain communities.
If you look outside Canada, I'm seeing very worrying signs about the outreach of Russian disinformation. For example, when I looked at Arabic language disinformation spread by the Russian government on social media, I was really [Technical difficulty—Editor] so widespread and so overreaching in so many places in the Middle East.
Our problem here is that we're mostly focused on English and French in Canada. We forget that we have millions of people who do not only speak these languages; they speak other languages. I think this is a major gap in our understanding of the real influence of Russian disinformation on our diaspora communities. There is a very direct connection, but we miss a lot. These are all gaps in our understanding, unfortunately, but there are clear indications that a lot of people were influenced.
We also have some people who are replicating this kind of disinformation. One example is Global Research, which is a so-called news organization based in Montreal that is only echoing Putin's propaganda on its website.