Thank you very much. Mr. Lloyd. It's a very important question.
I want to assure you that the whole of government is seized of our responsibility. The response is primarily led within our government by the Communications Security Establishment, the CSE, which is under the Minister of National Defence. It also involves the important work of other national security intelligence agencies, such as CSIS, and any criminal investigation arising is the responsibility of our federal policing service, the RCMP.
I will tell you that Canada and its allies have attributed malicious cyber-activity to Russia in the past, including in 2018 for the development of what was called the NotPetya malware, which was used to indiscriminately attack critical financial, energy, government and infrastructure sectors around the world. In addition, in 2021, you may recall that Canada joined its allies in attributing SolarWinds compromises to Russian state-sponsored actors, involving malware being installed in an attempt to steal data and cause costly mitigation activities.
In Canada, we are very fortunate to have laid an important foundation in the national cybersecurity strategy, which is intended to help protect Canadians. This has already lead to the establishment of the Canadian Centre for Cyber Security, which is a single, authoritative source for expert technical advice and support for Canada and Canadians. The centre provides public advisories and—