There are some frameworks for that. We looked a number of years ago at how many researchers like that had faced criminal sanctions. It was about one a year for the last 40 years at the time we looked at it, so it is quite rare. Some would argue that should change.
There are sanctions that sound somewhat administrative or bureaucratic, but where universities can be denied milestone payments or ongoing payments if they are not complying with certain regulations or certain checks.
In the U.S., there are the Office of Research Integrity and the NSF Office of Inspector General. It's complicated, so I may be overstating the case, but sanctions can be emitted from these offices such that people can lose their funding.