That's a great question.
I don't know the exact numbers for how much of our IP is leaving Canada, but I can say one thing: Deep tech, which is where a lot of IP resides, is difficult to commercialize within Canada, for the reasons I mentioned previously. One, our companies do not have the capacity to commercialize or, sometimes, the will. In that situation, it's not unlikely that this IP would leave Canada to find a home where it could be commercialized.
The second part of your question is how we stop that from happening. If we're trying to stop that from happening, we need to enable Canadian businesses to commercialize deep tech and to stay in Canada. I mentioned that existing businesses sometimes don't have the ability or the will to do so. Start-ups are a very interesting alternative. Start-ups are inherently tied to the country because the inventors are tied to the universities, and the graduate students, if you can attract them and prevent them from leaving by offering them leadership opportunities, would stick around.
We are seeing, in a sense, a rise in deep tech in Canada that is focused on start-ups coming out of universities like Waterloo. That's one option.