I think they probably are. If you look at the age difference, in every cohort women are slightly younger than men, so that explains maybe a $2,000 or $3,000 difference in terms of cohort effects. If you look at the Statistics Canada data, they are by groups. You have the median salary or the means salary—I can't quite remember—of the whole of assistant professors, the whole of associate professors.... If you look at the data and you look at the age difference, very often it's one or two years. That is enough to explain some of the difference.
Then, if you add to it that some men will have asked for market premiums when they were first recruited, this market premium is kept all through their careers. If you start with better pay when you're an assistant professor, this will just accumulate as you move up the ladder. I think these are the factors that really affect it.
If you have some universities that don't have a collective agreement, where you make up for the time when you take maternity leave, that delays your promotion. We looked at the delay of promotion. People who have their kids between being an assistant professor and a full professor will be those, both men and women—