Thank you, Mr. Chair, for the question.
CSIS does not have enforcement powers. We do not have those powers ourselves.
Sometimes when you have a discussion with CSIS and you are told about a number of elements in how your research or collaboration could be creating a risk to national security, it is impactful. That's on the one hand.
On the other hand, we would never want to have the intelligence service deciding what type of research gets done and who the researchers and the people are that universities can employ. However, I think it is a fair question to ask universities to make sure they have the right mechanisms in place to police themselves to determine if it's in their interests to have those types of relationships.
Finally, I would say that if there are activities that are covert and potentially violate the Criminal Code, we work very closely with the RCMP as well. I believe, Mr. Chair, that the member referred to a case recently with Hydro-Québec, in which criminal charges were laid against an individual, so the system is working. We probably just need to make sure it works in overdrive a little bit more.