As Mr. Richard was saying, the study carried out by tax experts focused on general cases related to the direct status of active cooperatives.
When it comes to taxing income from a subsidiary, we are told that cooperatives, like share-capital businesses, do not have a mechanism that avoids double taxation—such as when a subsidiary pays a dividend, which it then distributes to its members.
A share-capital business can use that mechanism to avoid double taxation, while cooperatives cannot. Naturally, as Mr. Richard was saying, small and medium-sized cooperatives cannot structure their company so as to avoid those problems.