Thank you for the question.
I will answer in English, if that's okay with you.
Barriers that prevent women from becoming involved in politics include, among others—and I referred to some of this in my opening remarks—societal perceptions of appropriate career paths for women, a lack of support from party leadership, and fear of negative attacks and media attention based on gender norms. Stereotype perceptions or unconscious bias about leadership roles can impact the way female politicians are viewed and feel about themselves in terms of confidence.
For instance, a male politician may be described as competitive and tough, but a female politician with the same qualities may be viewed as cold and aggressive. Catalyst is a non-profit organization which found that women leaders who work in traditionally masculine occupations have their leadership skills judged more harshly than their male counterparts do. While a man in a leadership role can be considered both competent and likeable, a competent woman in the same role is rarely considered likeable. Other harmful perceptions include the idea that women are too soft to be in politics and that women are not natural leaders.
There is research. The Catalyst research does talk about how female politicians of colour experience the most hostility. That gets to the second part of your question.
We talked a bit about sexism, but it plays out in party recruitment as I talked about in the research of Dr. Melanee Thomas at the University of Calgary. We've already discussed that a bit.
Then there's the media with its often unbalanced treatment of women in politics, which reinforces politics as a male arena and something that men should do. In a review of 2,500 articles spanning 37 years, University of Alberta political scientist Dr. Linda Trimble found that women who ran for leadership of major political parties faced disproportionate scrutiny of their bodies, appearance, and adherence to traditional gender roles such as their marital status, compared with their male counterparts. Not surprisingly, women report being reluctant to go into politics because of how the media, including social media, will treat them, and they report security and safety concerns.
As I talked about earlier, female politicians are often targets of sexual harassment and misconduct and heckling. A December 2017 survey of female MPs by the Canadian Press found that 58% said they had personally been the target of one or more forms of sexual misconduct while in office, and of the 22 MPs who had experienced sexual misconduct, 15 said the misconduct was committed by another MP.
That just speaks to some of the barriers that you were asking about.