I think the biggest challenge is capacity.
There's a lot of very interesting academic literature on the application of GBA from a public policy perspective, largely from feminist scholars who have studied the difference after gender-based analysis was mainstreamed in Canada post-1995, when the Beijing declaration was issued. Before that time, it was mostly pressure from outside the state that tried to make changes and exert that gender-based analysis lens.
The application of GBA meant that it was mainstreamed inside the federal bureaucracy. I think in the short term we needed to ensure that we could build the capacity to undertake that analysis.
One of the critiques in the academic literature and in other public policy spheres of the mainstreaming is that you don't necessarily know that the application and tools being used through that gender lens are appropriate, because it's very much happening inside a bureaucratic institution.
I think, though, the area in which we've made a lot of progress—and we have in many respects the Auditor General to thank for this—is in ongoing and sustained review of how this has been applied. Clearly the Auditor General has found that there are things that could be improved, and, through the leadership of Status of Women, we have been working with partners to continue to build that capacity.
So, Mr. Fraser, I would answer your question by saying that capacity was the short-term challenge, but I think it continues to be a challenge throughout. It's something we need to work on in a sustained way.