There are many models and sources. So, we have to keep in mind every country's political structures. We should be careful with comparisons, as organizational structures are not the same everywhere. Canada is a special case. We have to live with our way of doing things.
The usual sources are gas taxes and registration levies. There are also taxes on the upper road system, in other words, tolls on the upper road system. We have to be careful about inner city cordon tolls, as that does not apply everywhere. In China, there are some policies on that. I know that a study was conducted for the federal government, more specifically, for Transport Canada. Some countries, like China, are starting to use what is referred to as property value capture. That means that the increased land value of real estate developments around public transit hubs is used to fund public transit. A study conducted by someone in Victoria was published two years ago. It is available on Transport Canada's website.
There are other available methods, but they do not really have to do with the central government. Those initiatives are usually local. In some places, such as Portland and France, a tax on wages was authorized to fund all public transit infrastructure. The government must authorize something like that.
There's a whole range of models. The carbon exchange, among other measures, should be established over the next few years. That should generate resources that could be reallocated to directly fund public transit infrastructure in urban areas through green funds.