From the beginning of this study, we have been hearing approximately the same figures about the costs related to competition. If there is no open tendering process, the cost increase will range from 2% to 40%. That is quite a broad range, and I have trouble making sense of it.
On page 13, you say that there is a lack of empirical data, and I quote:
But what are the actual cost increases, if any? Unfortunately, none of these estimates can be considered scientific and none of the calculations on which they are based—if any ever were conducted—are publicly available.
So no empirical study justifies this cost increase ranging from 2% to 40%. In my opinion, this requires a far more thorough explanation.