With regard to how the system works, your SMS program is approved by Transport Canada.
I come to you and say that this is my plan; this is how I'm going to deal with the paperwork, basically. Every 18 months to 36 months, they'll come back and do a PVI, a performance validation inspection. They'll take a component of it, let's say the flight safety component, and they'll look at it. They'll do the PVI on that portion of it and they'll come back with it.
Now, they used to give you a grading score from zero to five. I think they've removed that now. They just assess the program and they give you a report. If they see you're weak in some area, you have anywhere from one to 30 days to create a corrective action plan. That's how it works at Air Canada.