Thank you, Madam Chair.
As introduced, I am Norm Hall. I'm the first vice-president of the Canadian Federation of Agriculture, but more importantly, I sit here as a farmer from western Canada, east-central Saskatchewan, Wynyard, on the largest saltwater lakes in Canada, which are rising. Thank you for the invitation to appear before this committee.
As you know, CFA has been a strong proponent of advocating for a review of the regulations and legislation that govern and manage the movement of grain for export and the review of transportation. The government's advisory council on economic growth had coined the phrase “unleashing Canadian agriculture”. An important component of unleashing agriculture is building an efficient export corridor through sound legislative and regulatory process, up-to-date infrastructure, and information systems with the full accountability of all transportation and grain-handling participants. It is very important in order for the industry to confidently develop new and larger export markets. The primary stakeholder in all of this is the producer of the product, the farmer.
In 2014-15, Canadian farmers paid $1.4 billion in freight charges to the railways under the MRE. This was not paid by shippers. Grain companies are cost plus brokers. Any charges from the railways get passed through to the producers. They pay the bill. The railways are basically cost plus facilitators. Under the MRE, they are guaranteed a 27% return. A recent study by one of our members, APAS in Saskatchewan, saw that the number was closer to 60% or 65% return to the railroads in profit. It is the farmers who take all the risk in the production stage and the farmers who pay all the costs of production, the cost of freight from farm gate to the inland terminals and transload sites, the freight to export position, and the cost of any disruptions or delays.
Canada's railways and an efficient, low-cost grain rail transportation system are critical to the country's agricultural economy and the financial health of grains and oilseed producers. To ensure that the system works overall, decision-makers must recognize that farmers pay the entire bill for transportation of export grain from farm gate to port. Western Canadian financial livelihoods are captive to the railway monopoly that is trying to maximize profits for its shareholders.
Between 35 million and 40 million tonnes annually are captive to the railway monopoly. Since transportation costs represent one of the highest input costs in grain farm operation, the importance of ensuring competitive environment through regulation and legislation can never be understated. As Emerson so aptly stated, transportation costs, for example, often represent a more significant hurdle to expanded trade than do the costs associated with international tariffs or trade barriers. This was all brought to a head with the failure of the 2013-14 crop year. Twenty million additional tonnes, as was stated by the previous presenters, could have been alleviated if they had contacted the industry and were able to plan that way instead of leasing 400 of their engines into the States and shorting themselves of power for the winter.
While Bill C-49 takes great steps in the right direction, it almost seems as if they are meant to look like improvements without involving real change, leaving railways with far too much room to not comply with the intent and ending up with far short of a competitive environment: requesting more information while restricting the agency's use of that data; institutionalizing long-term interswitching but with historical revenue-based freight rates and not actual costs; avoiding giving the agency powers to pre-empt problems and requiring formal complaints; regulating interswitch options without giving the shipper flexibility to choose interswitches that would really help the shippers and result in higher levels of competition amongst the railroads; continuing to allow the railways to randomly or arbitrarily close producer car-loading sites and interchange facilities; continuing to allow the railways to use 1990s costing data when they've implemented savings on the backs of farmers; and giving railways a full year post-implementation to comply with new information data requirements.
I also want to say that while my comments focus on general policy positions, the CFA fully supports the more detailed technical legislative amendments proposed by the Crop Logistics Working Group, which will be in a letter to your minister.
Under transparency, since 40 million tonnes of grain are annually slated to move by rail, it's absolutely imperative that the railways comply with new regulations for additional data and information to allow proactive logistics and marketing and planning by the entire industry. Real-time data is required to achieve this objective, and timelines for the release of data and information have to be short enough to allow for proactive planning. There is no justification to allow the one year after legislation to come into force before they have to comply.
The use of data information by the agency should not be restricted and should be fully utilized to facilitate and manage the flow of traffic and grain volumes to pre-empt delays, backlogs, and disruptions. For example, if information or data is used for LHI administration, it can be used in other areas and for other purposes. The agency should have the freedom to do so, not for public release, but just for their own use. Further, the agency must be given the authority to find solutions to problems proactively, without waiting for industry to file complaints. The legislation must be amended to give the CTA the added powers to correct service performance failures through their own volition.
Under reciprocal penalties, while this is a contractual agreement between grain companies and railways, I've already told you that any problems arising between these two parties eventually get charged back to the farmers. The CTA must have the mandate and the resources to monitor, regulate, and ensure compliance. Level of service and compliance mechanisms have to prevent the railways, with their monopolistic powers, from becoming nonchalant about service provided, since shippers/farmers have no other options. Producer car loading sites are a good example, and I'll talk about them soon.
The minister must monitor the railways' overall level of service and service availability, and cannot allow the railways to arbitrarily and randomly withdraw services that are required to efficiently and expeditiously transport grain to export markets that provide farmers and shippers with the opportunity to improve their competitive position in the market. Since we're going to be looking at the MRE penalties imposed as a result of this service deficiency or contract, non-compliance must not be allowed to be included in the cost calculations of the MRE.
Under the long-haul interswitch, LHI, railways are concerned about losing market share. Welcome to competition. In one voice, they want to talk about having market-driven agreements, yet as soon as that threatens their monopoly by allowing LHI and U.S. carriers to come up here, they don't want it. They want to have regulation in place.
Under the current interswitch, 30 kilometres, there are four points in western Canada that are naturally served by the two railroads. The 30-kilometre interswitch takes that up to a whole 14 out of 368. Under the 160 kilometres, that extended to 85% of all points, which allowed grain companies to use interswitch if needed, if service was poor.
That is why interswitch is there. It's because of poor service. It gives the opportunity for one company to search for another company for better service. It's supposed to be for competition.