I'm not sure I have a simple answer to that question. Let me just say that there's no doubt that, from 1994 to today, with the devolution of the airports to local, not-for-profit authorities, we've seen massive user-funded investments that have given us enviable infrastructure. That's the good news.
The bad news is that the governance system and the policy framework have not kept up. This is fundamentally what we're talking about here. As this committee and this government embark on a quest to improve the air traveller experience, it really is important to look at the entire picture, all of the players and all of the elements that are at play that involve whether a passenger movement is successful or turns into a nightmare.
With respect to user-pay—and all we have to do is look at other modes of transport that are heavily subsidized—there's a modal equity debate that we should be having. I can tell you one thing: if we embraced the Emerson report recommendations, reversed some of these historical policies, turned some of that money that is currently being collected by governments and/or through users, and put it back into the system, I think we'd have a much healthier, much more competitive, and much stronger air transportation system. I would even argue that it would be a lot easier to find solutions to some of the issues that we are trying to address through regulation and Bill C-49.