Evidence of meeting #6 for Transport, Infrastructure and Communities in the 43rd Parliament, 1st Session. (The original version is on Parliament’s site, as are the minutes.) The winning word was aircraft.
A video is available from Parliament.
Liberal
The Chair Liberal Vance Badawey
I call this meeting to order.
Members, welcome to the Standing Committee on Transport, Infrastructure and Communities. Today we will continue our study of the aircraft certification process. It is a pleasure to have the honourable Marc Garneau, the Minister of Transport, with us.
Minister Garneau, welcome. We'll start off with you and your presentation.
Marc Garneau LiberalMinister of Transport
Thank you, Mr. Chair and committee members, for the invitation to contribute to the committee's study of aircraft certification.
Transport Canada appreciates the committee's work on all issues related to the safety of the travelling public and is pleased to help in any way it can.
Aircraft certification is essential to the safety and security of our transportation system and is part of Transport Canada's mandate.
March 10 marked the one-year anniversary of the tragic Ethiopian Airlines accident. And it's been nearly 18 months since the tragic Lion Air accident. Our thoughts continue to be with the victims, along with their family members and friends.
As committee members know, the model of plane involved in both accidents was the Boeing 737 MAX 8. On March 13, 2019, days after the Ethiopian Airlines accident, Transport Canada received and analyzed new satellite data that informed its judicious decision to swiftly close Canadian airspace to the aircraft.
These restrictions will remain in place until Transport Canada is fully satisfied that all safety concerns have been addressed by Boeing and the FAA, and adequate flight crew procedures and training are in place.
Civil aviation relies on the global collaboration of manufacturers, operators and regulators. All stakeholders, including governments, work together to minimize the risk of aviation accidents. The International Civil Aviation Organization, ICAO, facilitates this collaboration. Under the ICAO convention, the country that manufactures an aircraft—known as the “state of design”—is responsible for certifying its airworthiness and safe operation. The state of design must conduct the testing needed to certify the aircraft and then share this information widely. Under annex 8 of the ICAO convention, countries can either accept the state of design certification or use the results of the original performance tests to validate the certification.
Boeing manufactures the Max 8 in the United States, and the Federal Aviation Administration, the FAA, is responsible for its certification.
The FAA is also responsible for certifying Boeing's approach to fixing the problems identified in the wake of the MAX 8 accidents. ln addition, it must ensure the effectiveness of any recommended changes to the aircraft's design and operation, as well as to crew procedures and training.
Transport Canada continues to work closely with the FAA on its review of the MAX 8. We also continue to work closely with civil aviation authorities in Europe and Brazil in hopes that this model of aircraft can return to service, and transport travellers safely to destinations around the world.
Transport Canada has been, since the accidents, conducting an independent review of the design changes proposed for the MAX 8 that the FAA are working to certify. This review will include test flights of the aircraft to validate the proposed changes. Any changes in an aircraft's design or operations can also impact crew procedures and training.
A Joint Operational Evaluation Board, comprising international civil aviation authorities, including Transport Canada, is analyzing the proposed changes to the MAX 8 and will identify any potential impacts on crew procedures and training.
The board's analysis might, for instance, identify new training requirements, such as additional simulator training, before the Max 8 can return to service. Transport Canada may also require additional training for crews that operate the Max 8 in Canada.
A key contributor to the Lion Air accident and a suspected contributor to the Ethiopian Air accident was the automatic activation of a system known as MCAS, manoeuvring characteristics augmentation system, following a failure of an angle-of-attack indicator that measures the aircraft's angle relative to the oncoming air. MCAS is part of the larger system that also controls speed stability of the aircraft.
Under specific flight conditions, MCAS automatically moves the aircraft's horizontal stabilizer, the device that adjusts the nose of the plane so that it points up or down.
In the wake of the Lion Air accident, the FAA, the state of design responsible for the Max 8, issued an emergency airworthiness directive related to the MCAS. The directive amended procedures by drawing the crew's attention to the existing runaway stabilizer procedure that would allow crews to effectively counteract the unwanted activation of the MCAS system.
Three Canadian operators fly the Max 8: Air Canada, Sunwing and WestJet. Transport Canada immediately shared the FAA's airworthiness directive with these airlines, and then took an additional step to further improve safety. In collaboration with the three airlines, Transport Canada developed and implemented enhanced training requirements for pilots.
The requirements exceeded the standards implemented by the FAA's airworthiness directive and were specifically designed to reduce the time delay in the crew's use of the runaway trim stabilizer procedure required to counteract the effects of an unwanted MCAS activation.
The additional step of new training demonstrates Canada's commitment to the highest possible safety standards. To complete the training, aircrews had to memorize the five steps required to exercise the runaway trim-stabilizer procedure. Previously, aircrews had to memorize only two of the five steps and then, if needed, consult the cockpit handbook for the other steps.
I am confident that the measures implemented by the FAA Airworthiness Directive, subsequently adopted and enhanced by Transport Canada in collaboration with Canadian MAX 8 operators, significantly reduced the risks involved in situations like the one that led to the Lion Air crash.
The combination of mitigation strategies better prepared Canadian pilots to manage the failure conditions that were evident in the MAX 8 accidents.
Commercial aviation operates in a highly complex, continuously evolving environment. I encourage committee members to recognize that Canada maintains one of the safest civil aviation systems in the world. Our safety record results from the hard work, dedication, experience and technical expertise of the men and women directly involved in the system.
On behalf of the public, Transport Canada remains absolutely committed to safety and bases all of its safety-related decisions on accurate, current and relevant evidence.
Thank you. I'll do my best to answer any questions you may have.
Conservative
Todd Doherty Conservative Cariboo—Prince George, BC
Thank you, Minister, for being here. Thank you to your guests.
On October 29, 2018, Lion Air flight 610, a Boeing 737 Max crashed into the Java Sea 13 minutes after takeoff, killing all 189 people on board. Less than five months later on March 10, 2019, Ethiopian Airlines flight 302, another Boeing 737 Max, crashed just six minutes after takeoff, and 157 people perished, including 18 Canadians.
We're here today in search of answers for the families of the victims of these crashes. We're here in search of answers for Canadians as to how the 737 Max aircraft received certification by you, Minister.
Transport Canada has world-leading technical professionals who are experts in their field. You are absolutely right with that statement. They're hard-working, and they're smart, dedicated people who did their jobs at all steps of the 737 Max certification process. They asked questions and they brought forth their concerns. They did their job.
Based on the internal information that we have obtained from a concerned citizen, Minister, you didn't do yours.
Despite serious safety concerns raised repeatedly at every step of this process by Transport Canada's technical experts starting from the test flight, then again just prior to certification, concerns were raised time and again in the certification report, yet you still certified this aircraft.
Canadians deserve to know and, most importantly, the families of the victims who died in this crash deserve to know why.
Minister, at any time prior to or during the certification of the 737 Max 8, were you aware of Transport Canada's concerns with this aircraft—yes or no?
Liberal
Conservative
Todd Doherty Conservative Cariboo—Prince George, BC
I understand that, Minister. You know that I'm going to ask you to be very succinct.
Yes or no? Were you made aware of any concerns during the certification process?
Liberal
Marc Garneau Liberal Notre-Dame-de-Grâce—Westmount, QC
I would like to be able to answer the question. It requires more than a yes or no.
Liberal
Marc Garneau Liberal Notre-Dame-de-Grâce—Westmount, QC
The certification process, as you know, is a complex undertaking and one that I'm very proud that Transport Canada is very proficient at. In fact, we certify Canadian aircraft.
Conservative
Todd Doherty Conservative Cariboo—Prince George, BC
Minister, I need you to say it. I need you to answer my question, which was a very direct question.
At any time during the 737 Max 8 certification, were you made aware of your technical experts' concern regarding the 737 Max aircraft?
Conservative
Liberal
Marc Garneau Liberal Notre-Dame-de-Grâce—Westmount, QC
I will answer by saying that I was comfortable with the work that was being done by Transport Canada to certify this aircraft.
Conservative
Todd Doherty Conservative Cariboo—Prince George, BC
Minister, in our opinion this is not an acceptable answer.
I'm sure that this is not much comfort to the families of the victims. You're the Minister of Transportation in this country. This is your department. The buck stops with you. For the record, it is your testimony today that....
Were you made aware of the concerns expressed by the test pilot with the stall identification, as well as the automatic flight control, at the time of the test flight?
Liberal
Marc Garneau Liberal Notre-Dame-de-Grâce—Westmount, QC
I will say again that I have a very capable organization that undertakes the certification of aircraft.
Conservative
Liberal
Marc Garneau Liberal Notre-Dame-de-Grâce—Westmount, QC
I am aware that a letter of concern was sent to both Boeing and the FAA as part of the validation process that we undertook.
Conservative
Todd Doherty Conservative Cariboo—Prince George, BC
Minister, at that time you were aware of the concern letter. Were you aware of the contents of the concern letter?
Conservative
Todd Doherty Conservative Cariboo—Prince George, BC
Minister, why did you then still allow this aircraft to be certified?
Liberal
Marc Garneau Liberal Notre-Dame-de-Grâce—Westmount, QC
Concern letters are letters that are written when the regulator—in this case Transport Canada—validating the certification of an aircraft that has been certified by another country wishes to have clarification or does not agree with part of the certification procedure. In this particular case we expressed our concern.
Conservative
Liberal
Conservative
Todd Doherty Conservative Cariboo—Prince George, BC
Minister, with all due respect, I understand that.
Liberal
Marc Garneau Liberal Notre-Dame-de-Grâce—Westmount, QC
We sent it to Boeing and said there were some questions that we needed to have answered.