I think you don't have rail service anymore. There used to be, if I'm not mistaken.
With regard to the user-pay model, there are direct charges for which the federal government is responsible, such as Nav Canada service charges, the air travellers security charge, the fuel tax and GST. To support regional air transportation and for the common good, the federal government could decide to change the way these charges are calculated or absorb the costs of eliminating them through an equalization system.
Have Quebec municipalities considered such solutions?