When it comes to safety management systems being on the TSB watch-list, you are correct in saying that they have been on it since 2010. However, if we were to look at each of the different versions of the watch-list, we would see that it has evolved over the years to now being multimodal, because the concerns are different for air or for marine compared to for rail.
With respect to rail, railways have been required to have safety management systems since 2001. The SMS regulations were significantly strengthened in 2015 with the introduction of railway operating certificates and much more prescriptive, detailed regulations.
We are seeing two things, which is why rail safety management is still on the watch-list. Through our investigations, we have found that the railways are not identifying hazards and not conducting risk assessments all the time, or at least during the time of our investigations. They are also not effectively mitigating the risks in their operations, and that situation has contributed to accidents and incidents.
With respect to Transport, their oversight of the SMS has not yet looked at the effectiveness of railway safety management, although they've indicated that they've started to.
That's why those issues are still on the watch-list for railways.