Thanks.
This is a super-interesting conversation. I'm really going to be probing a bit more on the issues of cost and environmental net benefit. Thank you to all of the witnesses for the information you've given so far.
I was seized with the challenges that our government is facing with the Kinder Morgan Trans Mountain pipeline expansion project. This goes through some urban areas like Burnaby. It's a large infrastructure project. In 2013, it was estimated it would cost $5.4 billion. By the spring a year ago, the new estimate was $30.9 billion. That's between five and six times more. It seems to me that there is an inherent risk in these major infrastructure projects that intersect with urban areas and deal with weather, terrain and so on.
For those who model the costs of this high-frequency rail project, what is the risk that there will be an exponential increase in cost compared with what is estimated at the beginning? How do we mitigate or prevent that?
That's a question for Mr. Freemark, Mr. Blackburn or Mr. Katz-Rosene.