Transport committee  Yes. Thank you. It's an excellent question. Windsor is really at the nexus and the forefront of what international public mobility and public transit should look like. There's a great case study with Transit Windsor. If you get on the Transit Windsor bus, you can hop over the border in a matter of minutes.

Transport committee  There's the Ph.D. answer, which we don't have time for, and then there's the Coles Notes answer. The Coles Notes answer is that the range depends on the size of battery and the platform. However, in typical form, if you have a regular city bus that's 40 feet—that's your normal city bus—and you have about a 400-kilowatt-hour battery pack, you can get more or you can get less.

Transport committee  The first component is correct. It is possible to increase the range of the electrified system overall, whether it's buses or coaches—or rail, for that matter—by adding more charging capacity, so you're pulling in to a stop, topping up and then continuing along your route. To the second part of your question, it's not so much about chargers becoming more efficient.

Transport committee  Thank you very much, Chair. I appreciate the dual questions of the member. I'll answer the first one: Is a multimodal study more appropriate than a bus study? Yes, absolutely. The reason is that this study has to merge with a strategy, and the strategy has to be very clear on the questions previously asked: Who do we want to move, how many Canadians do we want to move, where do we want to move them, at what cost and how fast?

Transport committee  That's 100% correct: This is a long-standing bane-of-my-existence issue. We have a national rail provider, and we can debate until tomorrow, next year and the next century about whether or not it's properly subsidized. The reality is that it exists today, it moves people and it has a clientele, and that clientele can be leveraged both ways.

Transport committee  Yes. There are two elements that can be acted on. One is long term, and that has to be a huge ideological choice by the government of the day. One is short term and can be implemented relatively quickly, with political will. The long-term one, as we all know, reliably comes down to track ownership.

Transport committee  Thank you very much for the question. I appreciate it. Some of the trends we're seeing in the United States are starting to crop up in Canada. For coaching systems, it is about identifying the fact that the middle class will happily take a coach bus if it is a luxury service and it serves their needs.

Transport committee  Absolutely. Those are the first two recommendations. The third recommendation around inter-regional coaching and bus systems is to focus on investing in a national strategy that will ensure Via Rail coach systems, in provinces and public transit systems that back onto that skeleton, optimize and integrate with each other, which doesn't exist today for point-to-point mobility.

Transport committee  Thank you very much to the committee. I appreciate the opportunity to be here. To start with, I'd like to recognize the missing and murdered indigenous women that CUTRIC recognizes as part of its innovation strategy nationally. That is especially important here as we talk about access.

Natural Resources committee  I am here. I believe it's the translation that leads me to lose connection. Thank you. I heard your question. I think I got the bulk, or most of it. Quickly, on the vision between blue, green and grey, yes, there should be a division. The whole purpose is to reduce emissions over the life cycle of the vehicle system or transportation.

Natural Resources committee  Yes. With regard to transportation, I indicated that we should focus on public fleets, largely because public fleets scale faster than individual light-duty cars and they scale faster than private heavy-duty fleets. For example, in transit, buses are not purchased one by one. They are purchased in units of 10, then 50 then 100.

Natural Resources committee  Yes, thank you. I'll keep my video off just to improve the quality. In terms of being an investor, there are two types of investment primarily. One is on the research and innovation side, and then one's on the straight-up subsidy side that nobody really likes, but at the end of the day might be necessary for a temporary period of time.

Natural Resources committee  To be frank, answering a question about municipal delays at a federal committee is always very difficult and full of potential challenges. To clarify, I agree that Calgary Transit is one of the most innovative transit systems in the country. It's the only one to have solar energy and wind energy powering its LRT, and frankly, that's something that the rest of the country could learn from.

Natural Resources committee  The answer to that question is, yes, those supplies already exist. If we look at the capacity by BC Hydro, Hydro-Québec and the utilities in Ontario alone, they already provide and supply sufficient capacity for the electrification of our transit fleets, just as a start point, let alone coach and rail.

Natural Resources committee  Very briefly, policy consistency is pretty critical, especially with carbon pricing for this industry as well, including for export potential. Even more briefly, Canada is already a leader in fuel cell stack design, electrolysis design, energy storage design and battery electrification integration in heavy-duty powered trains in the automotive and heavy-duty sectors.