Fisheries committee  They are in the Bay of Fundy. There is also one IMTA site in B.C., not with salmon, but with sablefish, on the same principle as shellfish and seaweeds.

Fisheries committee  Yes. It's on the west coast of Vancouver Island, in Clayoquot Sound.

Fisheries committee  Yes. I would say for the same reasons as for fish, you need some currents. If the water is too stagnant, the particles will not go toward the shellfish and the seaweeds. Also, the positioning is very important. There is not one design. That's where the work of people such as Fred Page, physical oceanographer at St.

Fisheries committee  These are aquaculture sites that were originally salmon sites. The amendment was to allow these salmon sites to grow more than one species, and to allow them to put seaweeds and mussels. They're commercial salmon sites, to which we gradually add more mussel rafts and more seaweed rafts.

Fisheries committee  No, for us bio-filtration is bio-mitigation. Today a lot of people talk about organic accumulation. For me, there are two things: organic and dissolved nutrients. The seaweeds are a good case of dissolved nutrient bio-mitigation. We use these nutrients because seaweeds need dissolved nitrogen and dissolved phosphorus and many other dissolved compounds.

Fisheries committee  With respect to research, we started to talk about IMTA, but not under that name--we talked about integrated aquaculture--in 1995. IMTA was created in 2004. I would call 1995 to 2000 a period of preaching in the desert. We had to convince people that it could be done, because they wondered if we could grow more than one species at a site.

Fisheries committee  You have the example of the Asian carp. Every time I visit a land-based closed containment system, it actually isn't what we think. If you look at the trough, you will always see little fish there. You need a little male and a little female and it's done. Another thing that was very interesting last year happened at trout farms in Scotland, I think.

Fisheries committee  Thank you, Mr. Chair, and good afternoon, ladies and gentlemen. First, I would like to thank the committee for this opportunity to speak with you. My name is Thierry Chopin. I am a professor of marine biology at the University of New Brunswick in Saint John. I am also the scientific director of the Canadian Integrated Multi-Trophic Aquaculture Network.