Foreign Affairs committee  Thanks. As Sophie mentioned, the whole effectiveness of sanctions requires the sender to be reactive to events on the ground. However, Canada has a “fire and forget” approach. We put a name on the list, and then that's the last we hear from it. We know that Canada, for example, took three years to lift sanctions from Côte d'Ivoire and Liberia after the UN Security Council had.

Foreign Affairs committee  Thank you. That's an excellent question. I think what we've heard from a lot of the testimony is that ultimately the RCMP and customs and the Border Services Agency, etc., are responsible for the enforcement of sanctions. However, that's actually not quite correct. It is in fact Canadians—Canadian businesses and Canadian banks and financial institutions—that are on the front line of making sure that they understand sanctions and are able to make sure that they're not dealing with listed entities and individuals.

Foreign Affairs committee  I'm ready.

Foreign Affairs committee  Thank you for the opportunity to present my recommendations. I have three immediate ones that have been outlined in numerous reports, including the latest report published by the Senate in May 2023. I note that this current review is limited to Canada’s autonomous sanctions legislation, but a review of the machinery and architecture of all of Canada’s sanctions legislation and procedures—for multilateral situations, autonomous sanctions and the Freezing Assets of Corrupt Foreign Officials Act, which applies to Ukraine and Tunisia—is recommended for the future.