Science and Research committee  There's an organization of university technology transfer offices that captures those numbers, so we could certainly—

Science and Research committee  I would say that when we fund research, there are a number of different channels for actually assessing the value of that investment. One is commercial opportunities, which are actually managed at the institutional level. There's the training, which is a huge part of it. It's the knowhow of how you do a lot of these things, which plays out in terms of the employability of those who are trained doing research—

Science and Research committee  There is data produced by the technology transfer offices that we could certainly provide to the committee.

Science and Research committee  I'll see what's available. We can certainly do that. I was just making the point that the channels of the benefit to industry and the economy are not exclusively IP-related. A whole bunch of other things come into play.

Science and Research committee  We can't speak to that entirely because we can only speak for those projects that are funded through federal dollars. There is a range of research activities that universities carry out that don't have a federal funding component. When it comes to federal funding, currently there are research security guidelines in place that are country and company agnostic.

Science and Research committee  They're actually mandatory for the alliance program at NSERC, which is the primary funding vehicle for the granting agencies to fund partnerships between academic researchers and industrial partners. That funding only goes to the academic researcher, not to the company—

Science and Research committee  It goes to the researcher, so—

Science and Research committee  That's right. The way it typically works is when a researcher is doing a project with a company, they need to disclose that to their research office. Then if there's a project proposal with a company that they want to collaborate with, the primary program for that is an NSERC program.

Science and Research committee  Well, it's a grant. Basically, the way it works is that if there's a sufficiently high risk, they won't get funded. There's not a legislative dimension to it.

Science and Research committee  I know that systems are a little different in each of the provinces. In some of them, the responsibility for the infrastructure is shared between the two. In others, the technology access centre or the CCTT is responsible for providing the infrastructure. The principle is that the federal funding is the same.

Science and Research committee  The reason we are trying to increase the amount of money given to CCTTs in Quebec that are also TACs, or technology access centres, is that, when we started funding these kinds of organizations, the Quebec government was providing even more money. Now we want to make sure that all TACs across the country receive the same funding from the federal government.

Science and Research committee  Yes, I think I have observed that there's a difference. As for what the reason for that difference is, unfortunately, we don't have enough evidence to assess what the cause is. I think there's better data now being collected with respect to not only the language of the application but the official language the individual who's applying identifies with.

Science and Research committee  I don't know whether it is available for a 20-year period, but I could put the question to my colleagues in the granting agencies for you.

Science and Research committee  I don't have those statistics offhand. Just to clarify, according to those numbers, is that the share of research that's done in anglophone institutions, or is that the share of research that's done in English?

Science and Research committee  There are a number of layers to that. At one level, a lot of what we're doing, in addition to supporting investigator-led, inquiry-based research, is also on the other end of it, trying to better connect the outputs of research to society and to the economy. That's done through some of the programs that have been developed through the councils.